The antiviral activity of interferon-induced transmembrane proteins and virus evasion strategies

Pillar 4
Functional Genomics & Structure-Function of VOCs

Interferons (IFNs) are natural proteins in our immune system that act as part of the body’s defense against viral infections. They work by triggering the production of specialized proteins known as interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which help protect cells. Among these ISG products, a group called interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) plays a particularly important role. IFITMs—specifically IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 types—are part of a family of proteins that help block viruses from entering cells.

Research shows that IFITMs act by preventing viruses from fusing with the membranes of healthy cells, a critical step that viruses need to perform to infect. They achieve this by changing the structure and lipid composition of the cell membrane, making it harder for viruses to penetrate. However, some viruses have found ways to bypass these defenses. Some viruses interact directly with IFITMs through their surface proteins, while others change the way they enter cells, avoiding the need to interact with IFITMs altogether.

Interestingly, IFITMs don’t just stop at fighting viruses—they also play roles in other cell functions, including signaling pathways that help coordinate the immune response. In some cases, their effects on cells can be context-dependent, meaning their actions might change based on the type of virus or the conditions in the body.

Studying how IFITMs work gives researchers valuable insights into designing new antiviral treatments. By understanding how these proteins block infections and how viruses counteract them, scientists can develop therapies that mimic or enhance the natural defense mechanisms of IFITMs. This knowledge is especially important for creating broad-spectrum antivirals—medicines effective against many different types of viruses—and may improve our ability to respond to emerging viral threats, like potential future pandemics.

In summary, IFITMs are a vital part of the immune system’s toolkit, protecting us from a wide range of viruses. By studying IFITMs, scientists aim to harness their protective capabilities and design therapies that make our immune system’s natural defenses better equipped to encounter a wide range of viruses.

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